Huangdi was also referred to as "Youxiong" ( 有熊 Yǒuxióng). He is also associated to the broader constellations Leo and Lynx, of which the latter is said to represent the body of the Yellow Dragon ( 黃龍 Huánglóng), Huangdi's animal form. ![]() Xuanyuan is also the name of the star Regulus in Chinese, the star being associated with Huangdi in traditional astronomy. The Qing dynasty scholar Liang Yusheng ( 梁玉繩, 1745–1819) argued instead that the hill was named after the Yellow Emperor. The Classic of Mountains and Seas mentions a Xuanyuan nation whose inhabitants have human faces, snake bodies, and tails twisting above their heads Yuan Ke, a contemporary scholar of early Chinese mythology, "noted that the appearance of these people is characteristic of gods and suggested that they may reflect the form of the Yellow Thearch himself". Third-century scholar Huangfu Mi, who wrote a work on the sovereigns of antiquity, commented that Xuanyuan was the name of a hill where Huangdi had lived and that he later took as a name. The Records of the Grand Historian, compiled by Sima Qian in the first century BC, gives the Yellow Emperor's name as "Xuan Yuan" ( traditional Chinese: 軒轅 simplified Chinese: 轩辕 pinyin: Xuān Yuán < Old Chinese ( B-S) * qʰa-ʷa, lit. The character huang 黃 ("yellow") was often used in place of the homophonous huang 皇, which means "august" (in the sense of 'distinguished') or "radiant", giving Huangdi attributes close to those of Shangdi, the Shang supreme god. The correlation of the colors in association with different dynasties was mentioned in the Lüshi Chunqiu (late 3rd century BC), where the Yellow Emperor's reign was seen to be governed by earth. In the late Warring States period, the Yellow Emperor was integrated into the cosmological scheme of the Five Phases, in which the color yellow represents the earth phase, the Yellow Dragon, and the center. To emphasize the religious meaning of di in pre-imperial times, historians of early China commonly translate the god's name as "Yellow Thearch" and the first emperor's title as "August Thearch", in which "thearch" refers to a godly ruler. Huangdi ( 黃帝), the "yellow di", was one of the latter. 475–221 BC), the term di on its own could also refer to the deities associated with the five Sacred Mountains of China and colors. Until 221 BC when Qin Shi Huang of the Qin dynasty coined the title huangdi ( 皇帝) – conventionally translated as " emperor" – to refer to himself, the character di 帝 did not refer to earthly rulers but to the highest god of the Shang dynasty (c. Temple of Huangdi in Xinzheng, Zhengzhou, Henan "Huangdi": Yellow Emperor, Yellow Thearch ![]() Traditionally credited with numerous inventions and innovations – ranging from the lunar calendar ( Chinese calendar) to an early form of football – the Yellow Emperor is now regarded as the initiator of Han culture (later Chinese culture). To this day the Yellow Emperor remains a powerful symbol within Chinese nationalism. Having waned in influence during most of the imperial period, in the early twentieth century Huangdi became a rallying figure for Han Chinese attempts to overthrow the rule of the Qing dynasty, which they considered foreign because its emperors were Manchu people. A large number of texts – such as the Huangdi Neijing, a medical classic, and the Huangdi Sijing, a group of political treatises – were thus attributed to him. Huangdi's cult became prominent in the late Warring States and early Han dynasty, when he was portrayed as the originator of the centralized state, as a cosmic ruler, and as a patron of esoteric arts. Calculated by Jesuit missionaries on the basis of Chinese chronicles and later accepted by the twentieth-century promoters of a universal calendar starting with the Yellow Emperor, Huangdi's traditional reign dates are 2697–2597 or 2698–2598 BC. ![]() The Yellow Emperor, also known as the Yellow Thearch or by his Chinese name Huangdi ( / ˈ hw ɑː ŋ ˈ d iː/), is a deity ( shen) in Chinese religion, one of the legendary Chinese sovereigns and culture heroes included among the mytho-historical Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors and cosmological Five Regions' Highest Deities ( Chinese: 五方上帝 pinyin: Wǔfāng Shàngdì). As depicted by Gan Bozong, woodcut print, Tang dynasty (618-907)
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